Essay on Character Movement in James Joyces Dubliners

Character Movement in Dubliners In a letter to his publisher, Grant Richards, concerning his collection of stories called Dubliners, James Joyce wrote: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness and with the conviction that he is a very bold man who dares to alter in the resentment, still more to deform, whatever he has seen and heard (Peake 2). Joyces passion†¦show more content†¦Physical movement becomes especially important in presenting spiritual paralysis in Sister, the first story of Dubliners. The main character, a nameless young boy, is brought by his aunt, to mourn for Father James Flynn, a priest who has recently died. He had been physically paralyzed by a number of strokes, but had also experienced spiritual paralysis because he had broken a sacred chalice. According to C.H. Peake, author of James Joyce: The Citizen and the Artist, The breaking of the chalice was a breach of ritual: the emptiness of the chalice, each time it is referred to, symbolizes a ritual from which all spiritual content has been emptied. Only the forms remain . . . religion, like the old priest himself, is paralyzed (13). The dead priest represents the state of the Irish Church. The young boy moves toward spiritual paralysis when he travels west to the drapery house where a priest lived, a house where the windows look west and refle ct the false gold of the western clouds (Bidwell and Heffer 72). Even when the boy returns eastward to his home, the street on which he lives, North Richmond Street, is a dead-end street. This dead-end is a physical barrier to his attempts to progress east toward escape. The childhood stories depict attempts to flee East that are never actualized. Both the young boy and the elderly priest fall under this category. The young boy dreams of the Middle Eastern country of Persia and recalls, I felt that I had been veryShow MoreRelatedEveline1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Eveline,† James Joyce uses the juxtaposition of the ever-changing setting and the unchanging stoic character of Eveline in order to exemplify the character’s reluctance and inability to move forward. James Joyce is known for his juxtaposition of light and dark throughout his short stories, specifically in his story â€Å"Araby.† I would argue that Joyce is using the contrast of opposing forces described above between the setting and the character in a similar way as he was light and dark. â€Å"Araby†Read MoreJames Joyce Annotated Bibliography Essay3544 Words   |  15 PagesJoyces modernistic view of Dublin society permeates all of his writings. 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Profile of Bill Clinton from a Psychoanalytic Perspective

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS PROFILE BILL CLINTON Psychological Overview of the Subject William Jefferson Clinton is the former 42nd President of the United States. His professional and political life demonstrate some of the most positive aspects of his personal psychological profile, such as in relation to his hypomanic tendencies that enable furiously energetic work and productivity (Cruz, 2008). The same traits are also associated with a natural tendency toward behavioral compulsivity, which, in Bill Clintons case, became most evident as details of his numerous extramarital affairs became public, especially in connection with the choices that he made about one particular relationship with a White House intern during his presidency (Cruz, 2008). All three views of motivation (i.e. psychoanalytical, humanistic, and diversity) as well as Henry Murrays Theory of Needs provide insight into his reasoning and choices. The Psychoanalytic Perspective According to the psychoanalytic psychological perspective, every individuals behavior is substantially determined by events and circumstances that occur during the formative years of infancy and childhood (Gerrig Zimbardo, 2009). In that regard, early trauma and deprivation are extremely influential (Pinker, 2007). In Bill Clintons case, his natural father was killed before he was born and his stepfather was an alcoholic who regularly physically abused Bills mother and half-brother, to the point that Bill had to intervene toShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Workplace Problems of Dish Network Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Problems of Dish Network. Answer: Introduction As organizations diversify just like the Dish Network, the workplace problems intensify. Business owners and managers usually encounter one or more potential levels of conflict; employee, team or organizational wide issues. The underlying bases of these problems are the absence of open, smooth communications or the adoption of wrong organizational structure. Lack of technical knowledge is a major problem facing Dish Network Company. The competitors of this company have made considerable steps in the advancement and innovation of new operational ideas. Dish Network Company on the other hand has remained stagnant in its innovation and as a result facing unfavorable competition. The operational team has come up with some approaches to overcome the problem1. Outsourcing Dish Network has considered the paybacks of partnering with the external experts. This will be a great opportunity for the company to cultivate the missing skills quickly. The outside experts will provide wide training in the skills needed by the company2. Whatever the skill required in Dish Network Company, there will be an outside expert purposely to provide the support and professional training in the field. Financially, this strategy will be an attractive choice for the company as it comes without overhead expenses. On the job training Dish Network Company is set to showing its employees how to carry out certain operations by being directly supported by outsourced experts as they carry out their daily routine. Through this strategy, an employee will not be given the broad and general idea of the company but the specific and relevant information concerning his/her roles to the finest details2. Automation There are some fully depreciated legacy devices that have performed roles related to Dish Network Company operations in the market. Dish Network company has recognized that automation will be a straightforward solution to this problem of Lack of technical knowledge. The company will automate in order to bridge the gap of the inadequate skills. In addition to bridging the gap of technical skills, this strategy will provide opportunities to increase company productivity and efficiency while relieving the pressure due to few employees1. Due to this lack of technical knowledge in Dish Network Company, the company is likely to face High attrition rate threat. The competitors of Dish Company are likely to entice the available trained staffs within the company who are likely to leave considering that the company is not providing enough opportunity for them to nature their skills. To manage the threat, the operational team began the on job training which will encourage the new employees to join the technical team2. Secondly, Dish Network Company has suffered communication gaps between the lower and the higher management. As a result, there have been confusion, indecisive actions and misaligned priorities within the company. Some of these gaps are technological in nature hence requiring upgrades in the company devices whereas the others are as a result of personality differences. Whatever the reason, bridging these gaps has been the companys goal. To overcome this gap, the company has initiated some strategies to rectify the problems2. Identification of communication problems The operations team will assess the worker or device responsible for the communication breakdown. Evaluate the interpersonal relationships existing between different levels of the companymanagement and the competence of office devices. For every communication complaint received, the team will immediately speck possible problems2. For instance, a subordinate staff complaining on not receiving an email on time, the sender will be required to forward the mail to reveal date and time it was sent. A quick survey will then be carried out to know the cause of the problem and the scope of it. Training employees on decent communication methods In a case where the gap is related to cultural sensitivity issues, the operations team will be holding training sessions for new technological devices and host cross-cultural exercises. Feedback in this process will be required to adequately assist employees with transitioning to the new systems2. Open communication The company will facilitate open communication through an open door policy whereby the employees will be permitted to air out their grievances without retribution. As a result, the reasons behind the existing communication gaps will be realized and the necessary actions taken to bridge them1. Communication gaps will lead to a threat of employees negative approach towards the company. Its worth to note that nothing can harm an organization so much than employees unfaithfulness. This is because these employees wont contribute much towards the company overall productivity. In order to manage the risk, operational team decided to frequently hold employees meetings to which will involve both the lower and uppermanagement to air their views in regard to communication effectiveness within the organization1. Thirdly, Dish Network Company has undergone inefficientmanagement of resources. As a result, the cost of running the organization operations has gone up leading to reduced profits. There is hence a need to utilize the available company resources for a better performance. Among the crucial elements to manage the company resources, the operation team came up with the following strategy2. Resource planning Before any company project is commissioned, a resource plan will have to be tabled down. The plan will contain all the aspects of such a project from the start to the end that pertain to the resources needed. This will avoid over- allocation of resources to any project1. Financial reports production The company will establish proper planning to manage its financial resources. For instance, the budgets will be established, funding gaps identified and the costs of projects trailed and documented in every step. As a result, the company will be in a position to allocate resources to the resilience operations while the rest be invested to improve the organizations revenue2. Resource breakdown structure Resources required to complete a certain project will be broken down in an hierarchy. The project therefore wont be managed at the same level in the hierarchy. This distribution of roles will bring about transparency in the way resources are used1. This problem poses a threat of lack of funds in the company. Considering that financial stability is of much importance in any company, a situation where this company will be unable to pay its workers and meet its daily expenses should be avoided at any cost. The operational team came up with resource planning strategy in order to manage threat2. The new organization vision To be a global and dynamic company of excellence in Technology and Innovation, providing the best direct broadcasting services in the world Strategy to create the vision The operational team will evaluate the new technology and make changes on the outdated technological fields within the company. Encouraging innovation within the company will be the next step before drafting the vision. This will entail giving the employees the necessary tools, redefining metrics and incentives and empowering the champion ideas to push back against the bouncers2. The company employees will play a crucial role in drafting the vision. This will be done by providing them with some written questionnaires in regard to both technology and innovation requirements of the company. The employees will fill the questionnaire and hand over to the operational team. The questionnaire will be used to analyze the vision before documentation2. Evidence of employee engagement Private and Confidential Employee job group. Question Remarks What are some of the technological approaches you recommend for changes in Dish Network company? Propose are the changes you would like to see in the fields you have proposed above? Innovation being one of the key determinants of the company success in the market is lagging behind in this company, what do you think is the reason behind? Suggest an approach to which the company should undertake to ensure that the pace has been reestablished? Overcoming barriers to change Overcoming barriers to change in any company just like the Dish Network will always be difficulty. The company will use the basic strategies of employee involvement, communication and negotiation to help improve the acceptance of its major changes in the technology and innovation. Bibliography Xenikou, Kelly and Simosi, organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business performance (Managerial psychology, 2012) Young, Simon and Sarah Murray, Business Leadership? The moral leadership in business management Review in Australia (2013) 11 (2) oxford university commonwealth law journal 117

Hypertrophic Prostate and Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease

Question: Describe about the Hypertrophic Prostate and Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease. Answer: Introduction The case of choice is that involving Mr Reginald Bowen, a 76-year-old former train driver living alone. He has a previous history of Benign Hypertrophic Prostate and Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) which are being managed by oral Omeprazole and Prostate Health Saw Palmetto 3200mg. Furthermore, his wife, Marjorie is at the Golden Oaks Nursing home for high care accommodation due to her age, and it worries Mr Bowen so much since he has been visiting her on a daily basis. The major complaints in the past 24 hours include severe abdominal pain, headache, lethargy, diarrhoea, vomiting and urinary retention. Based on the laboratory results, two faecal specimens were confirmed to contain nucleic acids of Noroviruses leading to a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the intestines and the stomach that is caused by various agents like bacteria and viruses, in this case, Norovirus (Bruggink, Dunbar Marshall 2016, pp.1521-1528). He is on an age pension a nd does not have any private health cover. Part A of this paper seeks to explore Mr Bowens anatomy and physiology in relation to gastroenteritis, its microbial mechanism and pathophysiology. Moreover, part B examines the nursing considerations and precautions in handling the case, two essential and priority problems of Mr Bowen and the evidence-based nursing interventions in the management of the two problems. Anatomy and physiology related to Mr Bowen The Norovirus gastroenteritis affects Mr Bowens part of the digestive system. First off, the digestive system consists of accessory organs like the liver, tongue, teeth, gallbladder and pancreas, and the alimentary canal (Durisch and Mueller, 2014, pp.360-365). The canal is approximately 9 meters and extends from the mouth to the anus, and it is continuous with the skin. There are organs linked along the canal, and mainly the stomach and the intestines are involved in gastroenteritis. The stomach is a J-shaped large portion that is immediately below the diaphragm in the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and umbilical regions (Betts, n.d., pp.1521-1528). It has more abundant folded mucosa into rugae. Its function is for digestion where proteases are released as well as hydrochloric acid. Again, it helps in absorption of water in dehydration, drugs like aspirin, and amino acids among others. It also controls motility and secretion of gastric juices (Betts, n.d., pp.1521-1528). The small intestine is continuous with the pylorus. It is lined with mucosa and secretes digestive juices and hormones like cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin, somatostatin, lactase and sucrase among other disaccharides (Betts, n.d., pp.1521-1528). Microbiology The Noroviruses are categorised under the Caliciviruses. Among the four types of caliciviruses, Noroviruses are the most significant in humans. They have a single strand and are RNA viruses that are positive-sense (Durisch and Mueller, 2014, pp.360-365). They have proved to be difficult to understand because of the inability to grow in a well-structured cell culture system. The best-known type of Noroviruses is the Norwalk virus that was an outbreak at an elementary school in Ohios Norwalk in 1968 (Shepherd 2011, p.4). It consists a single strand of RNA as the primary genetic material with kilobases of between 7.3 and 7.7. Around it, there are multiple copies of a protein that is unique, and it is gathered to an outer protective layer known as a capsid (Shepherd 2011, p.4). Additionally, the virus encodes Open Reading frames (ORFs) and specifically three. The largest is ORF 1 that has around 1700 amino acids. Its expression is a polyprotein precursor that is non-structural cleaved by a protease that is 3C-like. The second ORF encodes the capsid of the virus and it has approximately 500 amino acids. It also has the domains that are protruding and has a shell too. The third ORF encodes a protein that is small and basic whose function is not clearly known (Shepherd 2011, p.4). In addition, these factors make the virus very resistant to cold temperatures as well as high temperatures (White, 2014, pp.741-745). Also, disinfection does not eliminate it. Most of the viruses that are non-enveloped exhibit these characteristics making it difficult for elimination and prevention of reinfections (Nims and Plavsic, 2013, pp.358-392). The pathophysiology involved. Noroviruses are transmitted from an individual to the other through faecal-oral route, aerosols or direct contact (Whyte and Jenkins, 2012, pp.443-447). Fifty virions are enough to cause a fever, and they are very stable resisting both low and a high temperature of up to 60 degrees Celsius (Whyte and Jenkins, 2012, pp.443-447). The various forms of disinfection are also tolerated, from the use of chlorine, alcohol, vinegar, and even high concentrations of sugar. The period of incubation is approximately a day or two, and one two three-day lasting symptoms are exhibited (Whyte and Jenkins, 2012, pp.443-447). Viral shedding happens in 3 weeks after infection. The viruses attach the polymorphic histoblood group antigens (HBGAs) which supposedly serve as cofactors and receptors for infection. Their strains vary thus binding different HBGAs like A and O confirming the reinfection rates that may occur. Additionally, the lack of long-term immunity or cross-strain also contributes to the reinfection (White, 2014, pp.741-745). The norovirus affects the GIT in one way but the physiological responses of the body are varied. In the small intestines, the noroviruses damage the microvilli by releasing toxins that interrupt the transport of ions at the brush border cells causing problems of permeability (Bruggink, Dunbar and Marshall, 2016, pp.1521-1528). However, they leave an intact epithelium and mucosa, an investigation can reveal this phenomenon. Furthermore, the microvilli damage causes fat mal-absorption and D-xylose, with a dysfunction of enzymes at the brush border cells. Moreover, the damage causes the secretion of anions and a leak flux (White, 2014, pp.741-745). These changes trigger diarrhoea. The delayed emptying of the stomach and the virus-mediated variations in the gastric motility cause diarrhoea as well (White, 2014, pp.741-745). There is no invasion of the large intestines by the noroviruses hence there are no faecal leukocytes. Haematochezia rarely occurs (Whyte and Jenkins, 2012, pp.443-447). Reference list Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/7dbceb80436716e69dd1dfc9302c1003/Gastro-guidelines-residential-environments_V2.0-cdcb-ics-20160401.pdf?MOD=AJPERESCACHEID=7dbceb80436716e69dd1dfc9302c1003 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/clinical+topics/clinical+handover/isbar+-+identify+situation+background+assessment+and+recommendation [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Betts, J. (n.d.).Anatomy physiology. Bruggink, L., Dunbar, N. and Marshall, J. (2016). The emergence of GII.Pg norovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia.J. Med. Virol., 88(9), pp.1521-1528. Durisch, N. and Mueller, N. (2014). Norovirus-Gastroenteritis.Der Gastroenterologe, 9(4), pp.360-365. Nims, R. and Plavsic, M. (2013). Inactivation of Caliciviruses.Pharmaceuticals, 6(3), pp.358-392. Shepherd, A. (2011). The management of gastroenteritis.Independent Nurse, 2011(4). White, P. (2014). Evolution of norovirus.Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20(8), pp.741- 745. Whyte, L. and Jenkins, H. (2012). Pathophysiology of diarrhoea.Paediatrics and Child Health, 22(10), pp.443-447.

At-Risk Students free essay sample

Historical overview of education of socioeconomically disadvantaged children in U.S. Definition, changing social legal views, progressivism. Examination of trends in education and student behaviors, best practices and other aspects of education and curriculum development are vital to the success of students in the at risk population. There are many negative consequences associated with students who are deemed at risk. Many of these students are more likely to experience negative outcomes as a result of their status than students who are otherwise deemed ordinary with regard to the classroom setting. The section below will explore the trends, issues, best practices and other matters related to educating at risk students including instructional methods. There are many issues at stake for at risk students, the most statistically relevant of which is student drop out rates, which statistics suggest are approximately 30 percent for at risk students (Druian Butler, 2001). The drop at rates for students comprising the at risk population are much higher than the rates for other students. We will write a custom essay sample on At-Risk Students or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The statistic is alarming, and suggests that at risk students are not getting the support they need in order to excel and find satisfaction in the classroom environment. Findings also suggest that there is not at this time a relevant definition of what at risk students are or why the number of at risk students dropping out is increasing, however there is evidence to suggest that society will bear the financial burden for educating and supporting at risk students in the future (Druian Butler, 2001; Levin 1986). This suggests that the at risk population is likely very diverse in nature and comprised of students from multitudinous backgrounds and environments.

How to Study for an Exam in 2 to 4 Days

How to Study for an Exam in 2 to 4 Days Studying for an exam is a piece of cake, even if you only have a few days to prepare. Thats plenty of time, considering many people think studying for an exam involves cramming just minutes before the exam starts. By increasing the number of days you have to study, you decrease the actual studying time you have to put in per session, which is perfect if you have trouble staying focused when youre studying for an exam. Its entirely possible to study for an exam in just a handful of days. All you need is a solid plan. Step One: Ask, Organize, and Review In School: Ask your teacher what type of exam it will be. Multiple choice? Essay? The type of exam will make a huge difference in how you prepare because your level of content knowledge needs to be greater with an essay exam.Ask your teacher for a review sheet or test guide if he or  she has not already provided one. The review sheet will tell you all of the major things on which you will be tested. If you dont have this, you may end up studying for things you dont need to know for the test.Get a study partner set up for the night before the test, if possible. If you cant meet in person, you can still study via phone, FaceTime, or Skype. It helps to have someone on your team who can keep you motivated.Take home your notes, old quizzes, textbook, assignments, and handouts for the unit being tested. At Home: Organize your notes. Rewrite or type them up so you can actually read what youve written. Organize your handouts by date. Make note of anything youre missing (Wheres the vocabulary quiz from chapter 2?) and ask for a copy in class.Review the material. Thoroughly go over the review sheet to find out what youre supposed to know. Read through your quizzes, handouts, and notes, highlighting anything youll be tested on. Go through your books chapters, rereading sections that were confusing, unclear, or not memorable. Ask yourself the questions from the back of each chapter covered by the exam.If you dont already have them, make flashcards with a question, term, or vocabulary word on the front of the card, and the answer on the back.Stay focused! Step 2: Memorize and Quiz In School: Clarify anything you didnt totally understand with your teacher. Ask for missing items (for instance, that vocabulary quiz from chapter 2).Teachers often review the day before an exam, so if he or she is reviewing, pay close attention and write down anything confusing or unfamiliar. If the teacher mentions it today, its on the exam, guaranteed!Throughout the day, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions (when youre waiting for class to start, at lunch, during study hall, etc.).Confirm your study date with a friend for this evening. At Home: Set a timer for 45 minutes, and memorize everything on the review sheet that you dont already know using mnemonic devices like acronyms or singing a song. Take a five-minute break when the timer goes off, and get started again for another 45 minutes. Repeat until your study partner arrives.Quiz. When your study partner arrives (or your mom agrees to quiz you), take turns asking each other possible exam questions. Make sure each of you has a turn asking and answering because youll learn the material best by doing both. Have Extra Days to Study? If you have more than a day or two, you can stretch out and repeat Step 2 over the course of several days.

Featured Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Featured - Article Example In the Bahrain Grand prix history, the 2011 event has been considered as a dark event because the race was delayed due to protests in Bahrain. The situation was aggravated to an extent that even driver such as Mark Webber and Damon Hill protested (Galloway, 2014). In this article, the author argues that the Bahrain formula one grand prix switch to a night occasion for 2014 has been confirmed with the race organizers. Further, the article asserts that the race will be shown live on the sky sport formula one channel, which would occur under floodlights at six pm Bahrain local time. The 2014 race that will be held under floodlights is the second formula one competition to be held at night after the race in Singapore. The organizers decided the race to occur at night as a commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the Bahrain Grand Prix that started in 2004. Having chosen to celebrate the 10th anniversary in the Grand Prix, the organizers converted the April competition race into the Calendar’s second nighttime race. In addition, the race organizers installed a lighting system around the 6 km field that was tracked during the global endurance championship race that took place in the same venue in November 2013 (Galloway, 2014). It is clear from the article that the session start times for the other coming races or competitions for the formula one season have been confirmed with Bahrain given the chance to organize and stage qualifying and the final races under floodlights from six pm Bahrain local time that is four pm BST. Unlike the previous races, the Friday races will start at two pm local time while the second practice starting at six pm. The third practice will take place at three pm on Saturday. Because it is the second country to host formula one race under floodlights, Bahrain joins Singapore, a place where formula one staged its first competition under the floodlights. All the Grand Prix events in Bahrain will be aired live on Sky sports television.

Uchina Guchi Preservation as a Viable Language Research Paper

Uchina Guchi Preservation as a Viable Language - Research Paper Example This statistics has left many researchers across the globe active on the possibility of some of the languages becoming extinct. Extinction of languages is a threat to any society that uses or which the language belongs to. These researches have led a revelation that there are several languages that are no longer inexistence due to certain reasons related to the original speakers, as well as, the authority that ruled the speakers. An example of the most affected languages is Uchina Guchi. Without the language, communication in the Islands would be literary shunned. Communication is the core and fundamental tool on which progress rely. Without communication, people will not conduct business. There would be no exchange of ideas. There will be no learning or education. These reasons prompt for the preservation of Uchina Guchi language as an important and viable language. Statistically, the languages remained are roughly about 5,800. This leaves an important question: how can 5% of the world population speak 5,800 languages? Further research depicts that two-thirds of the 5,800 languages are in great danger of extinction. The research also shows that in every two weeks, one of the two-thirds of the languages become extinct. The danger of such losses never goes unnoticed. Many of the indigenous minority language speakers struggle to retain their mother tongues. The same is true with the Ryukyu Islands, which is situated between Taiwan and Kyushu. One of the languages that face the dangers of becoming extinct is the UchinaGuchi language, also known as the Okinawan language. Okinawa is one of the endangered languages of the Ryukyu Islands. The UNESCO (United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recognizes six languages spoken by the Ryukyu Island dwellers. The languages are, Kanigami, Amami, Uchinaa, Miyako, Yonaguni, and Yaeyama. According to the UNESCO, The most endangered languages in the list are

English Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Lit - Essay Example Book IX of Paradise Lost presents Adam and Eve in their prelapsarian state and gradually develops to the theme of temptation and the original sin. The signs of self-will are shown by Eve, as she suggests to Adam that they can divide their work and go separate ways in the garden of Eden. As Adam is apprehensive of the enemy lurking in the garden, and shows his reluctance to separate from her, Eve protests, â€Å"How are we happy, still in fear of harm?†. To Adam’s fears about the Tree of Knowledge and the chances of Eve getting tempted, Eve declares that the very concept of heaven is false if there is suspicion among the two and a lack of confidence in each other: Eve’s sagacity to question the idea of a perfect state of bliss in heaven where differences and fear exist, though presented as part of a grand design, can in the contemporary scenario interpreted as a woman’s attempt to break herself free from the numerous norms set by the patriarchal society. The element of humanness that Milton attributes to Eve is capable of endearing her to the readers and to see her words and actions in a sympathetic light, even as the arguments that ensue after the original sin is capable of confirming the traditional Christian concept of seeing the woman as the eternal seductress who takes away the heavenly bliss man is capable of reaching, if not for her presence in his life. Adam’s words, â€Å"Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more;† hints at the paradoxical proposition of God trusting the free will of man and at the same time forbidding him and his companion from at least one thing in the Garden of Eden. The presence of a power relation which is deemed inappropriate in the eternal bliss and native innocence of the prelapsarian state of Adam and Eve is first recognized and contested by Eve. When Satan, in the form of an enlightened snake first flatters her and then reasons to her in a sophisticated manner, she does not try to

Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents

Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents Introduction Psychotropic drugs are medications and chemical formulations that cross the blood brain barrier to act on the central nervous system to stimulate the change of mood and behaviour of an individual. Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) underscore that it is important to note that these medications are not curative but rather palliative, and although they may improve symptoms associated with various mental disorders, they do not cure the primary cause of the disorders. According to Perry (2007), psychotropic medications include antidepressants, antipsychotic or neuroleptics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs, and antimanic or anxiolytics among others. This paper aims at discussing the physiological implications of using psychotropic medications in paediatric and adolescent populations with a bias on neuroleptic/antipsychotic, anxiolytic/antianxiety and ADHD drugs. While there may be reservations regarding the use of psychotropic medication in children and the physiologic effect of these drugs on young people’s central nervous system development, leaving mental disorders untreated is not a viable option as evidently supported by medical literature. This is because untreated mental illness may cause paramount long-term morbidity and even irreversible deficits in socio-emotional and cognitive functioning. Regardless of ethical and legal reservations surrounding the use of psychotropic drugs among paediatric and adolescent patients, analyses of data on their use reveals fast changing trends pointing to increased use. According to Hsia and MacLennan (2009) there was a three-fold increase of the number of children/adolescents taking any psychotropic drug between 1987 and 1996. Adolescent visit to physicians significantly increased psychotropic prescriptions as evidenced by an increase to 8.3% of the prescriptions in 2001, up from 3.4% in 1994 (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In 2001, psychotropic prescriptions made up 8.8% of all psychopharmacological prescriptions among patients aged between 6 and 17 years (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In terms of gender, more male paediatrics and adolescents are on these medications compared to their female counterparts. Due to increased incidences of anxiety, depressive, manic, and other psychotropic disorders in paediatrics and adolescents, there has been an increased acceptance and need for use of neuroleptics, anxiolytics and antidepressant drugs in these patients. Neuroleptics and their implications on paediatrics/adolescent Neuroleptics, also known as major tranquilizers or antipsychotic drugs are used primarily to treat psychoses and symptoms. In paediatrics and adolescents, they are also indicated in the treatment of other non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. They are the drugs of first choice in treatment of autism and schizophrenia in children and adolescence. Kalyna and Virani (2007) explain that neuroleptics are used in treatment of paediatrics and adolescents with severely aggressive conduct disorders, Tourette’s disorder, and chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. Antipsychotic drugs are also used in the treatment of ADHD but their use has decreased due to increased use of stimulant medications which are more effective for this disorder. Examples of antipsychotic drugs include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, molindone and fluphenazine. Newer formulations include olanzepine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The use of neuroleptics on paediatrics and adolescents has several implications. Side effects associated with long-term use of these medications in this population include akathesia, acute dystonic reactions, parkinsonian symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, anticholinergic symptoms and sedation. They also lower seizure threshold in susceptible subjects and drugs such as Chlorpromazine should not be used in such patients. Tardive dyskinesia is a grave concern and has been reported in about 1 to 20% of paediatrics and adolescents on long-term use of neuroleptics (Kalyna Virani, 2007). It may occur as early as 5 months after commencement of treatment or may delay to up to 3 years. Since paediatrics and adolescents have more dopamine receptors than adults, they are more sensitive to side effects affecting the central nervous system. Long-term use of neuroleptics should be avoided in this population but †¦.contends that low doses may be recommended in selected difficult cases. Other side effects associated with neuroleptics include weight gain, irregular menses and breast enlargement in adolescents. Doran (2013) documents that second-generation anti-psychotic (SGA’s) drugs can cause metabolic disturbances and weight gain in paediatrics and adolescents even during first-time treatment. For instance, in a trial of treatment of schizophrenia with olanzapine, 30% of the paediatric/adolescent subjects gained weight compared to 6% in adult subjects (Doran, 2013). Other SGAs such as risperidone, quetiapine and clozapine also posted similar results with the paediatric/adolescent subjects gaining between 0.9 to 16.2 kilograms (Doran, 2013). Withdrawal of neuroleptics or lowering of the dosage may lead to withdrawal emergent syndrome with resultant aggravation of psychotic symptoms. This has been reported in paediatrics and symptoms include ataxia, vomiting and nausea. In a study by Vitiello (2008) as high as 51% of the paediatric patients showed the withdrawal symptoms, usually occurring after few days to few weeks after drug withdrawal. Clozapine has been associated with deaths of two paediatric patients with the mechanism being linked to sudden cessation of treatment (Vitiello, 2008). Haloperidol has been demonstrated to interfere with the children and adolescent’s daily routine including social and school activities. Neuroleptics increase sedation, lethargy and somnolence in paediatrics and adolescents than in adults; for instance, this was demonstrated in 30% to 49% of paediatric patients being treated with Risperidone in contrast to 7% of adults taking the same drug for bipolar mania (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson , 2010). Anxiolytics and their implications on paediatric/adolescents Anxiolytics are psychopharmacologic drugs used to treat anxiety disorders in paediatrics and adolescents. Other conditions for which they may used include sleep disorder, aggressive behaviours and psychosis. They include selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and busipirone. Anxiety disorders are greatly predominant in adolescence; between 6 and 20% of children have a type of anxiety disorder (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Doran (2013) documents that use of benzodiazepines in paediatrics and adolescents has tripled over the last 10 years. Anxiolytics are recommended to be used only after an aftermath of an event e.g. traumatic event and should be used for short periods (not more than two weeks) to avoid the risk of developing addiction or diminished efficacy. A recent review shows that SSRIs have become the preferred pharmacological intervention for paediatric anxiety disorders. They have very potent anxiolytic effects and their tolerance among paediatrics and adolescents is high. However, this class of psychotropic drugs has been associated with increased suicidal ideation. A well-documented controversy in paediatric and adolescent psychopharmacology occurred in 2003 when FDA issued public alert warning prescribers of increased ideation and attempts of suicide among patients below 18 years on anxiolytics (Vitiello, 2008). This contributed to a substantial drop in rates of diagnosis and prescription of these drugs among paediatric and adolescent population. Later, after a meta-analysis of numerous clinical trials of nine drugs in this class, it was demonstrated that there was only a marginal increase (0.7%) increase in the suicidal ideation with no actual increase in completed suicides (Schatzberg Nemeroff, 2009). However, this has led to adoption of a multidisciplinary approach towards management of paediatric and adolescent depression to encompass both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Cardiovascular adverse effects are often reported with most anti-anxiety medications because these drugs act on the autonomic system. Such side effects include increase in heart rate and changes in blood pressure. Although these side effects are generally not of major clinical significance while taking psychotropic medications, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as desipramine have been inconclusively linked to sudden death among paediatric patients (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Therefore, it is imperative for the prescribing physicians to take a comprehensive patient history, as well as monitor the electrocardiograms, heart rate and blood pressure changes of the paediatric and adolescent patients before and during treatment with psychotropic agents such as TCAs. Lamotrigine manifestly increases the risk for severe skin reactions and hives in paediatrics and adolescents (Dulcan, 2010). Another critical consideration in anxiolytic use of drugs in these subjects is drug interactions. Drugs that inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme system could have adverse effects on the subjects if concomitantly administered with anxiolytics (Perry, 2007). Antifungal drugs and some antibiotics such as erythromycin when co-administered with SSRIs such as fluoxetine can cause cardiac arrhythmias (Perry, 2007). Others such as imipramine and Lamotrigine can cause toxic delirium (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The prescribers must document all medications that may have drug-drug interactions with psychotropics as well as those that have direct or indirect effect on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. ADHD drugs and their implications on paediatrics/adolescents Stimulants used in management of ADHD are some of the most used psychotropic drugs among paediatrics and adolescents. However, trepidation persists due to concerns of the adverse effects of these drugs on the growth rate in paediatrics. Use of stimulant psychotropic drugs has been associated with stunted growth rates. The Multimodal Therapy of ADHD study demonstrated that stimulant psychotropic drugs, especially in high doses, reduce growth velocity and weight (Gelder et. al, 2009). This is due to appetite loss, a common adverse effect associated with these stimulant drugs. However, in most cases normal growth seems to rebound once the psychostimulant agents are withdrawn with no significant suppression of ultimate height attained. Nevertheless, some studies have revealed that pyschostimulants continue to suppress growth in early and late adolescence. Rosenberg and Gershon (2002) explain that pyschostimulants such as methylphenidate may permanently cause stunted growth by affecting e piphyseal closing of long bones if used between ages 17 and 21 years. However, Cheng and Myers (2010) outline that suppression of growth could be because of the underlying mental disorder, for instance, ADHD rather than the treatment. One disconcerting physiological implication of ADHD drugs especially in paediatrics being treated for hyperactivity or outbursts is the aggravation of the condition with the medication, a phenomenon referred to as paradoxical response. Doran (2013) explains that in a small number of paediatric/adolescent patients may severely increase nervousness and agitation instead of reducing it (disinhibition). These subjects may become giddier, act sillier or even manic. Similarly, some younger patients may be more depressed after being put on antidepressants. Studies have shown paediatrics and adolescents getting more moody and agitated after receiving mood treatment psychotropic drugs in ADHD treatment (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Others on stimulants may become more hyperactive and fail even to respond to sleep-inducing drugs. Research by Hamrin, McCarthy and Tyson (2010) shows that if a paediatric or adolescent patient shows paradoxical effect to one class of psychotropic drugs, there is a 50% o f similar reaction if he or she is given another drug of the same class. Paediatrics and adolescents have a lower albumin binding capacity and reduced adipose compartment, leading to a higher percentage of unbound compound than adults. Similarly, their drug biotransformation rates are higher, and this could reduce the half-life of the drugs relatively increasing the risk for toxic metabolite levels. This may contribute to physiological rebound effect where the paediatric and adolescent patients present with exacerbation of symptoms than original symptomatology (Dulcan, 2010). This often occurs when drug plasma levels decrease due to increased hepatic elimination and subsequent renal excretion. The subjects show symptoms such as hyperactivity, irritability, insomnia, over talkativeness, excitability and non-compliance (Dulcan, 2010). Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) explain that this can be remedied by adding a small afternoon dose or using slow-release preparations. The physician may also opt to use short- and long acting medications. Other implications of ADHD drugs on paediatrics and adolescents are the drug’s adverse effects. In a meta-analysis review, 32% of the doctors were concerned with decreased appetite and loss of weight association with these drugs. Half of them raised concerns about disturbed sleep while 22% were apprehensive of the increased anxiety. Other physicians indicated that they were concerned about possible diversion of ADHD drugs and felt burdened by prescribing these controlled drugs for paediatrics and adolescents. There is a high potential for abuse of controlled stimulant drugs used in ADHD treatment which can be achieved by crushing and snorting the medication. However, this abuse potential has been addressed through extended release formulations and introduction of skin patches which are less susceptible to abuse. Conclusion Psychopharmacological treatment in paediatrics and adolescents is an area of on-going ethical discussion, as these subjects affected by mental disorders are a vulnerable class of patients. The use of psychotropic drugs in children below 8 years is under-researched; this is because most of these drugs are developed and researched in adults. In addition, it could also be due to existing ethical and legal considerations that hamper access of research to such studies. Paediatrics and adolescents with psychotic disorders will classically be put on psychotropic drugs while those with other disorders will be put on non-pharmacological treatment. Sometimes, both approaches may be used simultaneously. Logically, the benefits of pharmacological intervention must outweigh potential risks associated with use of these drugs in these young people. An important consideration is the proof of the efficacy and safety of the drug for the age of the patient and the specific disorder. Psychopharmacothera py in paediatrics and adolescents requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach. Pharmacovigilance in use of psychotropic agents among these subjects as well as their long-term efficacy and adverse effects are indispensable. It is evident that paediatric and adolescent patients are, to say the least, more vulnerable to adverse effects of psychotropics than adults are. With the increasing adoption of psychopharmacological interventions in treatment of paediatrics and adolescents with mental disorders, novel research is vital to come up with clear evidence-based recommendations on use psychotropics in these subjects. References Cheng, K. Myers, K. M. (2010). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: The Essentials. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Dulcan, M. K. (2010). Dulcan’s Textbook of Child and Psychiatry. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Doran, C. M. (2013). Prescribing Mental Health Medication: the Practitioner’s Guide. Oxon: Routledge Publishers, Inc. Hamrin, V., McCarthy, E. M. Tyson, V. (2010). Paediatric psychotropic medication initiation and adherence: a literature review based on social exchange theory. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, pp. 233-242. Hsia, Y. MacLennan, K. (2009). Rise in psychotropic drug prescribing in children and adolescents during 1992-2001: A population-based study in the UK: European Journal of Epidemiology, 24(4), pp. 211-216. Rosenberg, D. Gershon, S. (2002). Pharmacotherapy for child and psychiatric disorders. New York: CRC Press. Gelder, M., Andreasen, N., Lopez-Ibor, J. Geddes, J. (2009). New Oxford textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kalyna, Z. B. Virani, A. S. (2007). Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs for Children and Adolescents. Boston, MA: Hogrefe Publishing GmbH. Perry, P. J. (2007). Psychotropic Drug Handbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Schatzberg, A. F. Nemeroff, C. B. (2009). Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Vitiello, B. (2008). An international perspective on paediatric psychopharmacology. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, pp. 121-126.

To What Degree Might Different Languages Shape In Their Speakers Differ

To What Degree Might Different Languages Shape In Their Speakers Different Concepts Of Themselves And The World? What Are The Implications Of Such Differences For Knowledge?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The difference in languages can cause different perceptions of various cultures leading to distinctions or possible clashes. When I lived in France I faced some of the problems a language barrier can cause. The most common and at the same time most irritating problem of language is the inability to translate word for word as some words just don’t have a direct translation into another language. These are normally colloquialisms for example â€Å"up the apples and pears† does not translate into â€Å"monter les pommes et les poires.† This would cause people to look at you in a very strange manner wondering what on earth you were talking about and it’s not only verbal language which creates different perceptions of people. Body language, such as hand movements and voice intonation can determine or change someone’s perception of a culture. The following paragraphs will illustrate the way language can be misconstrued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first point I would like to illustrate is the way body language can have different effects on people. For example, in England the use of hands when you are speaking is quite rare, the odd movement of the hand may be seen but the most common use of hand signals or motions is when someone is making an insult. I will use the Italians as an example of at times exaggerated and frequent use of hands. The Italians often use their hands as a way of secondary communication. As they speak they dramatise their conversations which can be mistakenly perceived by some people as confrontation when in fact they are having a simple conversation. This is where the lack of knowledge of a culture can cause a misunderstanding. Another example of communication which can cause raised eyebrows is the way the French acknowledge one another is doing something called the â€Å"bises.† This is where they give a kiss on each cheek. (Depending on the region this could be two, three even four kisses.) It is considered rude to just verbally greet someone so the â€Å"bises† is the norm for them. However when they are out of their country they could receive strange looks because people don’t understand their reasons and therefore could be perceived that French m... ...age on the planet, or to speak the universal language of Esperanto created in 1887 by Dr. Zamenhof which, if possible would bring an end to our cultural differences – how boring!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, each country has the knowledge and understanding of its own culture and will therefore have a different perception of foreign cultures due to the possible lack of understanding. The argument â€Å"someone can only fully understand another culture if they speak their language† is I believe true. Language can not always be translated directly so the only way to fully understand a concept of a culture is to speak that language learning the subtle nuances. Ignorance, I believe causes misunderstanding, take for instance when Brits go on holiday unable to comprehend another language yet believing that everyone should understand them sometimes coming across as arrogant and rude. Understanding a culture needs patience, understanding and open mindedness. Respecting one-another’s differences can allows us to live together in harmony irrespective of our cultural upbringing and beliefs. I believe differences alleviate boredom as life would be mund ane if we were all the same.

A Christmas Carol as an Allegory

A Christmas Carol as an allegory is a simple concept to grasp knowing the definition of allegory. An allegory is a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. The way Dickens was able to slip subtle messages into various character's persona is amazing. Using the mankinds children Ignorance and Want, the cheerful Fred, the infamous Scrooge, and many other characters, Dickens is able to create an allegorical masterpiece that delivers his message in a holiday-based setting— the perfect time to influence the masses.Ignorance and Want are, as referenced above, the metaphorical children of mankind. Dickens brings two traits that man will inherit to life; the affluent's incognizance and the poor's want. They are what has filtered down through generations, unchanged due to the negligence of the wealthy. The children's condition shocks Scrooge, he actually asks the Ghost of Christmas Present if the children happen to b e his to which the spirit replies, â€Å"‘They are Man's,' †¦ ‘And they cling to me, appealing from their fathers. This boy is Ignorance. This girl is Want.Beware them both, and all of their degree, but most of all beware this boy, for on his brow I see that written which is Doom, unless the writing be erased. Deny it!' †¦ ‘Slander those who tell it ye! Admit it for your factious purposes, and make it worse! And bide the end!'† This quote is an obvious depiction of a simplistic yet meanful message, the wealthy must change their ways for societies betterment.Not an upperclassmen, Fred is a representation of the middle class man who is not ignorant to the troubles of the poor and embraces the Christmas spirit. He is very similar to another – barely mentioned – character, Scrooge's old boss Fezziwig. The bring joy to their employees with a simple gesture, an invitation to a Christmas party. This shows that despite Fred is not a rich man he is still able to bring joy to his workers, dashing the concept that money brings happiness.Dickens uses Fred as a foil to Scrooge to display differences through both attitude and action. Fred's presence lightens the atmospere during the arguement between them and the fact that the ‘Man of Christmas Cheer' tops Scrooge in the squabble furthers his point. Through a well written novella Dickens delivers his message, that the wealthy must change, time and time again.Moving on to Mr. Ba-humbug himself, Scrooge is pictured as a parsimonious man even after he's changed. Scrooge symbolizes the wealthy, aristocratic society members who are ignorant to the poors suffering. Dickens goes far as humanly possibly to show how unforgiving Scrooge is towards the lower class, one quote says that Scrooge is so cold that, â€Å"No warmth could warm his soul.†Through a wordy tongue-lashing he gave to the men who asked for a donation for the poor Scrooge further shows his uncaring attitud e. Through his tirade he shows how truly ignorant and neglectful he, and the class he represents, is towards the poverty-stricken. Using such a detestable character gives Dickens the ability to call for a change of moral in the wealthy, thus putting a cherry on top of the allegorical sundae.Allegories have been written, read, forgotten, and remembered throughout the course of history but none such like A Christmas Carol. A strong moral message, simplistic with a deep impact, this novella embodies the meaning of allegory. By using well constructed characters and inlaid messages Dickens has thoroughly, and effectively, delivered a message to the masses.

CHANGING WOMANS ROLE DURING COLD WAR AND NOW essays

CHANGING WOMAN'S ROLE DURING COLD WAR AND NOW essays Women are often defined by their ability to successfully juggle a career and family life. This fact is evidenced by the film Mildred Pierce. Though women's roles have changed significantly over the last several decades, certain facts related to women's roles remain the same. This includes society's vision of woman as a duplicitous creature; one that should be able to manage professional and personal aspirations with equal success and finesse. She is measured by society based on her ability to manage each of these roles successfully, despite trends in society that do not support a woman's role in neither the home nor the workplace to any great degree. Women have faced an upward battle defining their roles over the last several decades. These ideas and more related to the changing roles of women over the last 40 years are analyzed and described in greater In the movie Mildred Pierce Joan Crawford plays a woman who is divorced and ends up in a twisted tangle when her daughter becomes a miscreant Mildred's newfound success in the business world represents the beginning force in a long drive for women aspiring to become equal and even surpass the status of men in the working world, becoming creatures whose roles are defined by their success in business as well as their role as caretaker. Mildred fights against the stereotypical role woman has taken on in society, by establishing herself as an entrepreneur, taking a new lover, buying a car and creating a successful life for herself. This trend toward women aspiring to beat down traditional role stereotypes to become independent and successful yet still maintain a handle on their role as mother has continued for many years. Though women in many instances are still not represented entirely as equals in the business world, this movie portrayed the existing impetus and a lot of the momentum that lie behind much of the women's movements t...

Shelley essays

Shelley essays The Romantic Period, which lasted about 45 years, gave birth to a new genre of literature, political thought, and it began a new era of history. Many authors contributed to the new ideals that characterize The Romantic Period. One author in particular was Percy Shelley who had written during The Romantic Period. The romantic ideals and characteristics can be found in the writings of Shelley. One of the ideologies of The Romantic Period was the creativity of the imagination, and Shelleys writings are littered with examples of this ideology. One example of this is in Shelleys poem To Sidmouth and Castlereagh, in this poem Shelley refers to these men as Two vipers tangled into one (20). Through this description Shelley indicates what he thinks of these two men by attributing non-human characteristics to them, and thus gives an example of the use of Shelleys imagination. Another example of Shelley giving humans non-human characteristics is in the poem Ode to the West Wind in which Shelley gives himself these characteristics as What if my leaves are falling like its own! (58) Also in the poem The flower that smiles today, Shelley gives a flower positive human characteristic, The flower that smiles today. (1) Even in the poem O World, O Life, O Time, Shelley imagines that he must deal with the challenges that each brings to him, O World, O Life, O Time, On whose last ste ps I climb. (1-2) It can be seen that Shelleys imagination provided him with a strong basis for his writings. Another characteristic of The Romantic Period that is seen in Shelleys writings is the theme of the supernatural. The mention of gods, death, or characters of myth are present throughout Shelleys works. An example of the supernatural in Shelleys poems is in the poem Alastor ...

Define the major flora of the different regions of the human body and Essay

Define the major flora of the different regions of the human body and discuss the methods employed in preventing both exogenous and endogenous wound contamination - Essay Example The mutualistic tendencies these microorganisms exhibit aid in the protection of the individual’s immune system, respiratory system, and even gut (Price & Frey 2003, p. 67). This is especially when it comes to fighting off pathogens. However, they can also cause diseases when not properly monitored. Exogenous and endogenous infections occur as a result of the presence of these microorganisms. Exogenous infections occur when pathogens enter the body through portals such as the respiratory, intestinal, and even reproductive areas. Endogenous infections often occur as a result of the patient’s distorted resistance (immune). Some of the methods implemented to deal with exogenous infections include; sterilization, cleaning, and disinfection (Gruendemann & Mangum 2001, p. 43). In doing some of these operations, it is easier to reduce the manner in which an individual is exposed to a harmful external environment. A technique used to deal with endogenous infections includes; skin preparation, where the patient undergoes thorough screening to determine whether the skin may act as a contaminant or not. Antibiotic prophylaxis is also another method where the surroundings of the patient are treated to reduce or eliminate contamination (Gloster 2010, p.

Porter Novelli or Southern Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Porter Novelli or Southern Company - Case Study Example This essay demonstrates that the CTO felt this was fundamentally appropriate for specific and full performance definition roles. Performance management and selection applications would be built on the foundation of work results definitions (Goldsmith and Carter, 2010). Drotter requires the same explicit definitions of management and leadership results by level as financial and customer results, making these accountabilities far more specific, examinable, and therefore, understandable to employees. The down - to - earth, application - based approach demystifies leaders and supports the introduction of basic designs to explain both activities. Corporate leaders have traditionally relinquished talent strategy to market forces or left it to their human resources departments to oversee (Aguirre et al 2010). Any company that aspires to maintain competitiveness in the world must use strategic implementation methods on talent (Aguirre, Hewlett & Post 2010). In return, regarding their appropr iate reward, leaders are presented with many expectations. They are required to be strategic thinkers, joining dynamic vision to the chutzpah in order to produce significant change. They also need to be on the sensitive side, on look to the intricacies of political arguments, and able to persuade egos, soothe workers and court widely known acclaim in the media. It is a demanding order and one vexes the thoughts of many as it orients how effective to portray the concept of Porter Novelli without irrelevancy.

US Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Steel - Essay Example The US steel industry justification for its request for protection is loss of jobs of many workers in the steel industry, as far as the workers unions are concerned, due to closure of business or folding up of some steel producers, due to lower import prices of steel products than those locally produced. As to whether the justification is legitimate should be gauged by a declaration of a body authorized by law to make determination. As far as the Bush administration is concerned, it may have believed that the justification was legitimate when it decided to self initiate Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. Section 201 is the law for the protection of domestic industry in addition to the antidumping and countervailing duty laws. Said law operates not on proof of unfair trade practices but by ITC determinations that the volume of a particular import constituted a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to a domestic industry. The president can impose a temporary import relief without violating the rules of the World Trade Organization and after initiating, in a give industry, the case will go straight to the ITC, which rules on the case and, if positive, will make recommendation to the President, who then has 60 days to come up with a remedy. The remedy could be no action at al l, a tariff, a quota, a tariff-rate quota or some form of trade adjustment assistance. The legitimacy as believed by the President is questioned by domestic steel consumers and free trade advocates, who claims that the tariffs were blatantly protectionist, and could damage US steel-using industries more than they would help producers, and were adopted for purely political reasons, such a gaining support prior to the November midterm elections, and positioning Bush for the 2004 presidential election [FN3]. Gerald O’ Dricoll, director of the Heritage Foundations’ Center for International Trade and Economic commented on the Bush administration self-initiating Section

Coffee shop Essay Example for Free

Coffee shop Essay Studying the fundamental reasons why the proponents aim to establish a business coffee shop’. A coffee shop or cafeteria businesses are already popular worldwide, too many names, establishment and products. Almost every coffee shop businesses stay long because of satisfying income. How about innovation to this business that have a risk but can probably maximize profit. Mobile coffee shops that acquired equipments that almost within a vehicle that travels to different places is definitely unique and new that’s why it is feasible. The proponents are aiming to study the reasons this business should be implemented and figured out a solution to all the problems that may encounter to the research. These are some reasons and problems: 1. An innovation should have a perfect research before implementing and it is bit difficult to introduce to the mass market. 2. Risky is involved because it can easily bump by other cars that it may destroy the vehicle full of machineries and high value assets and equipment that can probably explode. 3. Implementing is one of the hardest part because it has a lot of process and there were only few high-ways to trip, also it has limited places to go like traveling at the urban areas and primary highways. 4. Supply of coffee beans can be also limited, Benguet, the province itself produce supply of resources wherein the harvest is by season. 5. The weather of course can cause the profit loss especially here in Benguet where rainy season is mostly half-year. I. Project Summary I. 1 NAME OF THE BUSINESS â€Å" Clique Mobile Cafe Clique is the proposed name of the business because it’s a converted vehicle that in just one click it is transformed into a business mobile and it has Wi-Fi. In addition, ‘mobile’, as the word itself, it can travel to one place to another while the mobile itself is the kitchen. I. 2 BUSINESS LOGO I. 3 LOCATION Burnham Park Baguio City, Benguet I. 4 DESCRIPTIVE DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT Clique Cafe is a coffee shop that serves not only beverages but includes food, bread and pastry products. It has small kitchen, machineries in making coffee and pastry products and a small portable comfort room. The dining is an open area just outside around the vehicle wherein all the tables and chairs are portable including the tabernacles and tent that covers the place. It has a dimension of 21ft x 9ft x 9ft. It’s a food and beverage business which the main product is coffee. It travels to different places where people usually hang-out. Clique Cafe serves some beverages such as herbal tea, hot and cold Choco coffee. I. 5 VISION AND MISSION Vision: We aim to travel nationwide to provide the best quality coffee and bread for breakfast in every Filipino household that can purchase our most affordable product. We intend to promote tourism and make our own trademark name of coffee product that positions ourselves as premier coffee shop nationwide. Mission: To provide the best quality and most satisfying offer produc   with high standard services. To continuously promote teamwork and excellence in our establishment and provide a good environmental relationship between our employees and customers. I. 6 Objective There are two main products we aim to provide to our market. Our cafe will establish the commonly used style of coffee which is serving coffee and bread. But we want to make name for our own product. We aim in making our very own unique taste for our products that our market would want to have. We strongly believe that this would be possible by the aid of using indigenous raw product we have in Baguio. Being a city located in the Benguet Province, the province mainly produces harvest of coffee beans that have quality which can compete with its own flavor. This flavor is what we want to introduce in the mass market. The Province also is the main provider of fresh vegetables and fruits that our cafe can make use of in producing breads. We will able to make recipes from these indigenous products. These are the product that Clique Mobile Cafe would be proud of and carry under its brand. Clique Mobile Cafe goal is to satisfy our customer by the unique products with the very best of goods and services that we can offer. And we want our business and product will known all over the world. I. 7 History †¢Coffee History The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the thirteenth century with a number of myths surrounding its first use. The original native population of coffee is thought to have come from East Africa specifically to Ethiopia, and it was first cultivated by Arabs from the 14th century. The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to the Balkans, Italy and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia and then to the Americas. †¢Coffee shop History Coffeehouse and coffee shop are related terms for an establishment which primarily serves prepared coffee and other hot beverages. Cafe or cafe or c aff may refer to a coffeehouse, bar, tea room, small and cheap restaurant, transport cafe, or other casual eating and drinking place, depending on the culture. A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a c afeteria. As the name suggests, coffeehouses focus on providing c offee and tea as well as light snacks. Many coffee houses in the Middle East, and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world, offer shisha (nargile in Turkish and Greek), flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah. Espresso barsare a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. II. MANAGEMENT ASPECT BUSINESS ORGANIZATION A business organization is an individual or group of people that collaborate to achieve certain commercial goals. Some business organizations are formed to earn income for owners. Other business organizations, called nonprofits, are formed for public purposes. These businesses often raise money and utilize other resources to provide or support public programs. 2. 1 Partnership Partnership is a business organization in which two or more individuals manage and operate the business. Both owners are equally and personally liable for the debts from the business. Therefore the proponents will adopt the Partnership form of business. The proponents chose partnership because it’s not big and broad as a corporation and the capital is lesser than a larger business. The proposed project is easily managed by two or more people or the owners itself. ?Rules and Guidelines of Partnership One of the potential drawbacks of a partnership is that the other partners are bound to contracts signed by each other on behalf of the partnership. Choosing partners you can trust, and who are savvy, is critical. †¢Making Money Making money is the first rule because it is the biggest impetus for any deal. The deals that actually get done are the ones that can prove their worth. Companies often have a minimum monetary threshold, but if you can prove that a lucrative alliance can be made, then you should be in discussion about working together. †¢Naming Business Naming business partnership is actually a very important step in creating partnership agreement because it formally establishes the business entity for legal purposes. All documents referring to the partnership should use the partnerships name, once you and your business partners register it. †¢Contribution to Partnership A partnership agreement must include the capital or property each of the partners is investing in the company. The agreement should also include what roles each partner will be performing when the business is operational, including managerial capacities and who controls the day-to-day operation of the business. The partners dedicate resources such as financial, technical, staff and reputational toward achieving agreed objectives over time. They also establish a new organization with shared governance and a management unit to deliver these activities. Partners dont draw a salary and share profits and losses equally. Partners have a duty of loyalty to the other partners and must not enrich themselves at the expense of the partnership, and also have a duty to provide financial accounting to the other partners. †¢Allocating Profits and Losses Allocating profits and losses is a key element of companys partnership agreement. This section of agreement determines how much money each partner stands to make, including what percentage of profit each member may receive, as well as what percentage of business losses each partner must absorb. Its usually illegal to create a partnership agreement that assigns a higher percentage liability to a partner than the partner originally invested in the company. Keeping responsibility for losses commensurate with each partners percentage investment should preserve the legal integrity of the document. †¢Determining Partnership Authority Without specific language detailing each partner’s authority in the business, any partner can force the entire company into a binding legal agreement without the consent of your other partners. Clearly defining each partners power within the company to enter into binding agreements keeps the partnership from spreading itself too thin and making bad business decisions. This rule can also put a system in place for the partnership to make business decisions, including rules on voting and obtaining partner consent. The other rules would be found in a written partnership agreement. Such an agreement could outline procedures for making major business decisions, how profits and losses will be split, and how much control each partner maintains. 2. 2 Owner of the Business Clique mobile cafe is owned by Mr. John Ericson P. Amistad and Ahldrin L. Abellera.

How to Use a Company’s Annual Report to Ace Your Interview :: Process Essays

How to Use a Company’s Annual Report to Ace Your Interview If you don't take the time to get know a company, you many not have a future there.   Your interviewer will ask you why are you looking for this particular position and why are you looking at ABC, Inc.   Start by telling him or her that you have read ABC's current sales record "in their annual report."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company sales are important even if you are not interviewing for a sales job.   If you have reviewed several years of annual reports, you can easily see if the company's sales have gone up or down. Asking questions about the company's sales during an interview scores lots of points because it shows you have done your homework.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You can get ABC, Inc.'s past annual reports directly from the company, the public library or the Internet.   The annual report may not tell you how well the company fares within the industry, but it will tell you everything you need to show your interviewer how well you can fit into the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once you obtain a company's past annual reports, review the most recent report first. At the back of the report, you will find the name of the auditor, somebody like Smith and Smith Accounting.   Reputable companies use a certified public accountant to show that the accounting methods used in the report conform to "generally accepted accounting principles."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now turn to the front of the report and find the letter from the chairman of the board, whose personal style will be reflected throughout the report. The director will discuss the direction of the company, so pay attention to how he plans to run things in the future and whether he thinks the future looks positive for growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company's financial growth is very important to both the company and to your salary requirements.   You may not want to crunch the numbers yourself, but you will want to understand the balance sheet, the status of the company's finances at a given date.   On the left are the assets, all of the organization's valuables.   Current assets are those that the company can convert quickly to cash.   On the right are the company's liabilities-what they owe.   Current liabilities are the company's debts due in one year, paid out of current assets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Net working capital, is a key figure to watch only if you have several years worth of reports to compare.

Marketing Research on Red Bull Energy Drink in Vietnam Market Essay

1 – Objective: Nowadays, energy drink’s becoming an important part in food market holding great number of consumer in the world as well as in Vietnam. Thinking about high energy drink branches, many customers think about a popular name: Red bull. How successful this branch is, the way they develop their mark and how was they cared in Vietnam’s market. Everything related with Red bull will explained in this research. 2 – Targets: In this research, Customers, market share and Advertising are focused most. Through 3 Literature reviews, more information about Customers, Market share and Advertising will discoed. 3 – Stakeholder: Supplier: Absolutely compliance all regulations in the contract between producer and supplier about timely and the quality raw materials as well as payments. The common purpose is getting benefit. The supplier can get benefit from selling raw materials while Red Bull Vietnam get from selling finished products Distribute Channels: Producer can not go every where to sell their products. They need to the helps from distribute channels include representatives, wholesalers and retailer. These distribute channels can be discount from producer depend on their agreement. Union: is an organization which can protect the benefits of staffs and workers in company. Red Bull also try to care for the life of staffs and workers, invest money to improve the skills of workers, make them feel free when working, bring the best effectiveness for production Government: A legal company is that is not only unlawful, but also full implementation of obligations with the government. It is taxation. This is a condition for government to consider the legitimacy of that company Beside that, there are some organizations such as Vinatas_ The Standard and protect consumers Vietnam which will representing for consumers and protect for the benefits of consumers when their benefits were violated. 4 – Background (PEST) POLITICAL-In the beverage market of Vietnam, Red Bull is the non-alcoholic drinks ehich was first introduced , namely Energy Drinks- A phase â€Å" Energy Drinks† is not really credible. It is easy to be banned in domestic market if happening the scandals that relevant to the quality or safety such as: containing cocaine or other drugs†¦| ECONOMICS-Red Bull is a special drinks and it serve for a niche market. – Their target customers is sportsmen or people who must hard an d need to to pushed up-Product life cycles quickly, easy to turnover| SOCIAL-At the beginning, no many people wanted to try it because the psychology suspect. but now people are changing and tend to open more new experiences- People take care more about healthy, only using products which have been confirmed by Health organizations- Red Bull has appeared in Vietnam market for a long time and has built a strong image in customer’s mind| TECHNOLOGY- Technique requires high technology, line modern machinery, closed line, ensure hygiene and safety-The main types of packaging are cans and glass bottle. Can is made from recyclable aluminum which is very friendly with environment.moreover, glass bottle aldo can be recycled, therefore not be harmful for our environments ( Red Bull_ The macro environment, 2009)| Although still having a little bit difficulties about political, Red bull is a strong brand that has been a long time n customer’s mind, with many advantages of technology and economic, Red Bull has a potential opportunity to develop more and more in Vietnam beverage market. | PEST Analysis 5 – Literature Review: 5. 1 – Literature review 1 (Customers) Red Bull’s one of the biggest energy drink branches all over the world – no one can negate that. It seems not to stop at that point but keep developing wider and deeper. Red bull grasps in his hand which kinds of customer want to recover their energy faster and aim them as the target customer of branch. They are in the age from 18 to 35, who need more and more energy for work, study with serious stress and enjoy their life in nightclubs. Especially, universities are the good place to consume product every night and day because many students feel very hard to concentrate on their study without Red bull. So that this branch’s trying to create their promotional strategies target straight to university and students. (Red Bull IMC Plan, 2008) In Vietnam, Red bull’s still a popular name in different appearance: red tin, blue words imported from Thailand or made in Binh Duong-Vietnam . However, recent years, its market share in energy drink market is decreasing lower than other branches such as Sting from Pepsico or Number1 from Coca-cola, even unmarketable. Many audiences have doubts about its quality, wonder if it’s not good for health with nicotine or don’t like its taste. Red bull seems to have more good strategies to please Vietnamese customers. (Red Bull ban t? i VN co ? nh hu? ng d? n s? c kh? e? , 2009) 5. 2 – Literature review 2 (Market share). Red Bull is the product of Energy Drinks which are dominate in the market now. It has been in more than 100 countries all over the world. Production of annual sales is about 1 billion cans, the revenue of Red Bull has increased from 920 million USD in 2001 to 2 billion USD in 2004 ( Red Bull- Anh hung tu con so khong, 2007) In Vietnam, Red Bull Energy Dinks are becoming more and more popular. In any restaurant or bar, this beverage always be the first choice of custormers. The market share of Soft Drinks in Vietnam has been increased, average is 2% per year between 2001-2006 ( Soft Drinks in Vietnam to 2011, 2007). The leading company in this filed is Red Bull company, the second is Pepsico with Sting ( Soft Drinks in Vietnam to 2011, 2007). The market share of Red Bull has decreased slightly in recent year, when some brands such as Coca-Cola, Pepsico, Wonderfarm†¦have been successful in building the image in Vietnam market, however, Red Bull still dominant in the market in Vietnam, about 30% of market share, productivity of Red Bull increased to 7 million safes per year (tuoitre. com. vn, 2009). Nowadays, Red Bull get 70% of global market share (Soft Drinks in Vietnam to 2011, 2007). It is because of strong brand name and large of number people enthralled this attractive beverage. 5. 3 – Literature review 3 (Advertising) Red Bull is a famous brand of energy drink in Europe and all over the world. It was found out by Dietrich Mateschitz in 1982, in a trip of him to Hong Kong. Nowadays, Red Bull almost has no competitor in energy drink market, thanks to the brilliant marketing and advertisings strategies of Dietrich. Before Red Bull has come out of any market, Mateschitz always make a statement in public as he not only sold drinks, but also sold a cheerful, comfortable feeling for consumers (SGGP, 2009). According to Hong Nhung (2008), Mateschitz has used sports as a tool to build the image of Red Bull brand, as he bought racing and football teams and renamed it following Red Bull. Of course, the traditional advertising, TV and radio have been used widely, to expand the brand of Red Bull. On the other hand, organize big shows was also one great way to advertise of Mateschitz, as the Red Bull Music Academy, a show of over 50 DJ was showed twice a week in Berlin the first time in 1998 (Vietnambranding, 2008). 6 – Reference list [1]. Red Bull_ The macro environment 2009, drawert. com, viewed 30 July 2009 http://www.drawert. com/red_bull_4. php. [2] Red Bull IMC Plan 2008, megaessays. com, viewed 30 July 2009 http://www. megaessays. com/viewpaper/14478. html [3] Red Bull ban t? i VN co ? nh hu? ng d? n s? c kh? e? 2009, thegioitrithuc. vn, viewed 30 July 2009 http://thegioitrithuc. vn/content/view/23874/169/ [4] Red Bull- Anh hung tu con so khong, 2007, socbay. com, viewed 29 July 2009 http://www. socbay. com/news/detail/red-bull-anh-hung-tu-con-so-khong/600896582/50397184/0. html [5] Kho? ng tr? ng th? tru? ng n? i d? a – K? 3: Nh? ng cach lam thanh cong, 2009, tuoitre. com. vn, viewed 29 July 2009. http://www. tuoitre. com. vn/Tianyon/Index. aspx? ArticleID=302421&ChannelID=11 [6] Soft Drinks in Vietnam to 2011, 2007, researchandmarket. com, viewed 29 July 2009 http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/586703 [7]SGGP, 2009, â€Å"Red Bull – thuong hieu manh ve nuoc tang luc†, Xa lo, viewed 24th July, 2009, http://tintuc. xalo. vn/20-2043108925/red_bull_thuong_hieu_manh_ve_nuoc_uong_tang_luc. html. [8]Hong Nhung, 2008, „Dietrich Mateschitz – Nguoi lam nen Red Bullâ€Å", VietnamleaderI, viewed 25th july, 2009, http://www. vietnamleader. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&am.

A Letter to a Friend

Dear Julia, I’m very glad that you are coming to visit my family and me the next month. We haven’t seen each other for ages and I missed you a lot so I hope that you are not going to change your mind about that trip. So I’m writing this letter to let you know something about my plans for your trip. During your stay here we would like to take you sightseeing around Moscow, visiting different places of your interest. It could be museums, parks, exhibitions and anything else you would love to see and take pictures of.The next day after your arrival we are having my dad’s birthday, so it would be great if you agree to celebrate it with us. During the next couple of days it is up to you what we are going to do – we have plenty of activities for you to choose from: having fun at the waterpark, skiing, ice-skating, shopping and many more besides them. We hope that you will love your stay here! Speaking about what you need to bring with you, I want to warn you that winter in Russia is cold and windy.Try to take with you at least a couple of sweaters and warm pants or jeans, as well as socks and winter boots. And don’t forget your hat and a warm jacket. Anyway, if you forget anything – don’t worry, you can buy everything you need here. My dad and I will meet you at the Domodedovo airport on Thursday, February’28 at 4 p. m. near the main entrance. If you have difficulties in finding us – just call me. I can’t wait to see you! Yours,

Kurt Cobaines death and impact on fans essays

Kurt Cobaines death and impact on fans essays Its not fun anymore. I just cant take it anymore. The words that would later haunt the world are clumsily scribbled onto a pad of paper. The room grows silent and cold...then BANG! On April 7, 1994, the music world died with a single gunshot wound to the head. Kurdt Donald Cobain took away a music legend and left a void in the music world. When Cobain ended his life on that fateful day, he not only stunned fans, but also destroyed one of the most talented bands of all-time. The sad sense of loss that Seattle began to feel quickly spread to the rest of the country and to the world as well. The youth of an entire sub-culture was devastated. A few days after his death, 7,000 mourners gathered in Seattle to remember the musician. As Cobains widow, Courtney Love read her husbands agonizing suicide note, people lit candles, and threw burning toilet paper for the iconoclastic anti-hero. Although today some of the pain may have faded, the loss of Cobain and his band Nirvana is still being felt by teens across the country. Good men die young. Kurt was a great songwriter, musician and person. He has joined the ranks of great artists such as Jimi Hendrix, and the Nirvana legacy will be with us forever, expressed Ryan Runkewich, a Nirvana fan. The sediment is not only expressed by fans, but also by such famous musicians as R.E.M., Neil Young and the Cranberries who have all dedicated songs in Cobains memory. Before the boom of the phenomenon known as Nirvana, the Seattle music scene was most famous for its hard-rock blues. In 1988, the Aberdeen native along with Krist Anthony Novoselic and Dave Grohl began with a demo song entitled Big Cheese and captivated the hearts and souls of a forgotten generation that had yet to make a name for itself. Nirvana had the guts to express the emotions that young people were too afraid to display. The band and its ri...

How Stun Guns Work essays

How Stun Guns Work essays Have you ever walked alone down a dark alley at night feeling as though there was someone creeping behind you? For those who have felt that way it is a very serious issue. In this day and age, it is not uncommon for a person to be afraid of getting mugged while walking through the city, ask anyone that lives in a major city. Life may not be fair, but it is not fair for people to live in fear for their safety; and individuals can resolve that fear by protecting themselves from unfortunate situations. How, you may ask, should we protect ourselves? A way to defend ourselves is by utilizing the use of a stun gun. Stun guns are specially designed to temporarily incapacitate a person. The ways in which stun guns operate are very safe (non-lethal) and effective (disorients attackers). There are several aspects to take into consideration when understanding how exactly stun guns work. People usually associate electricity as a danger to our bodies. Lightning, take for example, has the current capacity to kill a human being; however, electricity in smaller currents is perfectly harmless. In fact, electricity is one of the most essential components in the human body. People need this electricity to do virtually anything. When you want to go for a hike, for example, the brain sends electricity down a nerve cell, to the muscles in your legs. This electrical signal tells the nerve cells to release a neurotransmitter(communication chemical) to the appropriate muscle cells. The neurotransmitter in turn tells the muscles to contract and expand. While you are hiking, the nerve cells in your legs relay the electrical message back to the brain, thus telling you whether your legs are tired or not. The strategy of stun guns is to disrupt the bodys communication system. Stun guns produce a high-voltage, low-amperage electrical charge. Essentially, this means that the charge has a good deal of force behind it, but not ...

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism Audrey Flack, born May 30, 1931, is an American artist. Her work, primarily painting and sculpture, has placed her at the forefront of pop art and photorealism. Fast Facts: Audrey Flack Full Name:  Audrey L. FlackOccupation: ArtistKnown For: Pioneering the photorealist genre of art, particularly with portrayals of women, everyday objects, and moments in relatively recent history.Born: May 30, 1931 in New York CityNotable Works:  Kennedy Motorcade (1964), Marilyn (Vanitas) (1977), World War II (Vanitas) (1978) Early Life and Education Flack was born in New York City in 1931, in the northern Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. As a teenager, she attended a specialized arts public institution, the High School of Music and Art. Her formal art education began in 1948, when she began her studies at New York’s Cooper Union. Flack remained there until 1951 and was then recruited to Yale, largely thanks to the influence of German-American artist Josef Albers (who was then in charge of Yale’s art department). While at Yale, Flack continued developing her own style while being influenced by her teachers and mentors. In particular, her early work demonstrated an Abstract Expressionist style in the vein of Albers’ work. Flack graduated with her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1952. The following year, she returned to New York and studied art history for a year at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts. Abstract to Realism At first, Flack’s work in the 1950s was a clear offshoot of her training with abstract expressionists. She also embraced â€Å"kitschiness† in a self-aware, ironic way. However, as time went on, she began to feel that the abstract expressionist style she was utilizing was not achieving what she felt was an important goal: communicating with audiences. Because of this desire to create art that was clearer to viewers, Flack began moving towards realism. Portrait of artist Audrey Flack sits next to a painting of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy riding in the back of a limousine on the day he was assassinated.   Nancy R. Schiff / Getty Images She enrolled in the Art Students League (ASL), where she studied anatomy under the tutelage of Robert Beverly Hale, and began finding inspiration in artists from past eras rather than more recent movements. Her work began to be categorized in the â€Å"New Realism† movement, and, eventually, shifted all the way into photorealism, in which an artist attempts to reproduce a photographed image as realistically as possible in a different medium. Flack was one of the first students at the ASL to fully embrace photorealism and use photographs as reference for her work. Photorealism, in many ways, is a sister genre to pop art: depicting ordinary, mundane items, often as still-lifes that imitate the realism of photography as closely as possible. In 1966, Flack became the first photorealist painter to have work in the collection at the Museum of Modern Art.   Increased Influence In some cases, Flack’s work moved past the typical still life paintings and depicted historical events. One of her most famous works is Kennedy Motorcade, November 22, 1963, which, as its title suggests, depicts a scene from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Her historical paintings, including her Vanitas works, often featured some kind of socio-political commentary. Her still life paintings often did as well; for instance, her paintings of female-coded items such as makeup and perfume bottles tended to involve some commentary on gender roles and constructs. Portrait of gallery owner Louis Meisel and artist Audrey Flack and her hyper-realist painting of Marilyn Monroe, New York, New York, March 10, 1978. Allan Tannenbaum / Getty Images In the early 1970s, Flack developed a new technique for her paintings. Instead of just using a photograph as a reference, she actually projected it as a slide onto the canvas, then developed an airbrushing technique to create the layers of paint. The 1970s also saw Flack paint her Vanitas series, which depicted everything from jewelry to scenes of WWII concentration camps. By the 1980s, however, Flack had switched her primary medium from painting to sculpture. She is entirely self-taught in sculpture, as opposed to her significant formal training in painting. There are also other significant differences in her sculptural works versus her paintings. For instance, where her paintings focused on ordinary objects or historical scenes, her sculptures tend to depict religious and mythological subjects. For the most part, women are depicted in her sculptures, representing somewhat idealized but imperfect and diverse variations on the female form and femininity itself. Contemporary Work In the 1990s and 2000s, Flack had a fair amount of work commissioned. At one point, she was commissioned to create a statue of Catherine of Braganza, the British queen after whom the New York City borough of Queens was named; the project met with several objections and was never completed. More recently, her statues Recording Angel  and  Colossal Head of Daphne  (both completed between 2006 and 2008) were commissioned by and installed in Nashville, Tennessee. Audrey Flacks Recording Angel statue stands outside the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee.   Raymond Boyd / Getty Images In more recent years, Flack has returned to her roots. Finding the photorealist movement rather â€Å"restricting,† she shifted back to Baroque influences. She wrote a book in 1986, collecting her thoughts on art and being an artist. Flack has also taught and lectured both in America and abroad. Currently, she is an honorary professor at George Washington University and a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania. She is based out of New York, where she splits her time between New York City and Long Island. Sources Blumberg, Naomi and Ida Yalzadeh. â€Å"Audrey Flack: American Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Audrey-Flack.Flack, Audrey.  Art Soul: Notes on Creating, New York, Dutton, 1986.Morgan, Robert C. â€Å"Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting.† The Brooklyn Rail, 5 Nov. 2010, https://brooklynrail.org/2010/11/artseen/audrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting.